A Case-Control Study of Food Habits and Diet Intakes of Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as glucose intolerance discovered or onset during pregnancy and attention is needed because of increased risk of perinatal morbidties and higher incidence of diabetes afterward. This study was performed to identify dietary factors associated with the development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Developed food frequency questionnaire containing 192 food items were used to assess nutritional status of 246 control subjects and 104 GDM subjects. Food habits of subjects were examined in the questionnaire. The more irregularity and less variety of meal were found in GDM group compared to control group and GDM group tended to eat rapidly and do not like vegetables and greasy foods. Total score of food habits in GDM was lower than control group, which suggests that GDM group have undesirable food habits. Mean daily energy and carbohydrate intakes of GDM group were higher than those of control group, and percent energy from protein was significantly higher in control. Nutrient density of protein, calcium, phosphorus and vitamin B1 of GDM group was significantly lower than those of control group. Therefore dietary quality of GDM group was lower than that of control group. Odds ratio for GDM was high when energy and carbohydrate intakes were high. And when the intakes of rice, noodle, shiruduk, hamburger, boiled egg, steamed pork shank were high, the odds ratio for GDM was high. These results indicate that the amount and frequencies of several foods and dish items were related with the occurrence of GDM subjects. On the whole, GDM subjects consumed more cereals and less vegetables and less legumes. From these results, pregnant women with GDM tended to have unhealthy food habits, and carbohydrate intake was important dietary factors on the onset of GDM.

Dehydroepiandrosterone supplement increases malate dehydrogenase activity and decreases NADPH-dependent antioxidant enzyme activity in rat hepatocellular carcinogenesis

Beneficial effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) supplement on age-associated chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance and diabetes, have been reported. However, its mechanism of action in hepatocellular carcinoma in vivo has not been investigated in detail. We have previously shown that during hepatocellular carcinogenesis, DHEA treatment decreases formation of preneoplastic glutathione S-transferase placental form-positive foci in the liver and has antioxidant effects. Here we aimed to determine the mechanism of actions of DHEA, in comparison to vitamin E, in a chemically-induced hepatocellular carcinoma model in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were administered with control diet without a carcinogen, diets with 1.5% vitamin E, 0.5% DHEA and both of the compounds with a carcinogen for 6 weeks. The doses were previously reported to have anti-cancer effects in animals without known toxicities. With DHEA treatment, cytosolic malate dehydrogenase activities were significantly increased by ~5 fold and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities were decreased by ~25% compared to carcinogen treated group. Activities of Se-glutathione peroxidase in the cytotol was decreased significantly with DHEA treatment, confirming its antioxidative effect. However, liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 content and NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 reductase activities were not altered with DHEA treatment. Vitamin E treatment decreased cytosolic Se-glutathione peroxidase activities in accordance with our previous reports. However, vitamin E did not alter glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase or malate dehydrogenase activities. Our results suggest that DHEA may have decreased tumor nodule formation and reduced lipid peroxidation as previously reported, possibly by increasing the production of NADPH, a reducing equivalent for NADPH-dependent antioxidant enzymes. DHEA treatment tended to reduce glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities, which may have resulted in limited supply for de novo synthesis of DNA via inhibiting the hexose monophophaste pathway. Although both DHEA and vitamin E effectively reduced preneoplastic foci in this model, they seemed to function in different mechanisms. In conclusion, DHEA may be used to reduce hepatocellular carcinoma growth by targeting NADPH synthesis, cell proliferation and anti-oxidant enzyme activities during tumor growth.

Pre- and post-initiation modulating effects of green tea ingestion on rat hepatocarcinogenesis

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of green tea ingestion on hepatocarcinogenesis before and after its initiation. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed an AIN76A diet with or without green tea. Initiation was induced by a single dose (200 mg/kg) of diethylnitrosamine at week 4 and 0.02% (w/w) 2-acetylaminofluorene was supplied in the diets. The control group had free access to water for 13 weeks (CTR13). Tea infusion was provided from the beginning of the experiment for 13 weeks (PRE13) or from the post-initiation stage until week 13 (POST13). Three other groups (CTR24, PRE24 and POST24) were added to examine the longer-term effects (24 weeks) with the same experimental design. The percentage area of liver sections that were positive for hepatic placental glutathione S-transferase (GST-P), which was used as a marker of preneoplastic lesions, was smaller in PRE13 (20.2 +/- 5.0%, mean +/- SD) and POST13 (26.0 +/- 4.8%) than in CTR13 (33.2 +/- 5.8%, p<0.05). Over the longer period, the GST-P lesions were significantly smaller for both PRE24 and POST24 (21.6 +/- 8.5% and 22.2 +/- 4.0%, respectively) than for CTR24 (28.6 +/- 5.1%, p<0.05), but there was no significant difference between PRE24 and POST24. The liver content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances was significantly lower in the tea groups than in the controls (p<0.05). However, no significant differences were observed among groups of GST activity. The results show that tea consumption exhibits a stronger short-term initiation-inhibiting ability in liver carcinogenesis, but over a longer period, the preventive effects of green tea ingestion do not differ in post- and pre-initiation.

The Outcome of Nutrition Support of Surgery Patients with Hypermetabolic Severity by Total Parenteral Nutrition and Enteral Nutrition and Biochemical Data / 대한지역사회영양학회지

This study evaluated the nutrition intake and changes in laboratory data of surgery patients with hypermetabolic severity on nutrition support. From January 2002 to September 2002, 66 hospitalized surgery patients who had received enteral nutrition (EN, n=19) and total parenteral nutrition (TPN, n=47) for more than 7 days were prospectively and retrospectively recruited. The laboratory data was examined pre-operatively, and on the post-operative 1, 3, 7 day and at the time of discharge. The characteristics of the patients were examined for the hypermetabolic severity, The hypermetabolic scores were determined by high fever (> 38 degrees C), rapid breathing (> 30 breaths/min), rapid pulse rate (> 100 beats/min), leukocytosis (WBC>12,000/microliter), leukocytopenia (WBC41). According to the results of the study, 38.3% (n=23), 45.4% (n=30) and 19.6% (n=13) were in the mild, moderate, and severe groups, respectively. There was a decrease in the serum albumin level and weight loss according to the hypermetabolic severity. However, the white blood cells (WBC), fasting blood sugar (FBS), c-reactive protein (CRP), total bilirubin, GOT, and GPT increased. The nutritional intake was TPN (32.5 kcal/kg, protein 1.2 g/kg, fat 0.25 g/kg), EN (28.1 kcal/kg, protein 1.0 g/kg, fat 1.01 g/kg). The serum albumin, hemoglobin and cholesterol were higher in the EN group than in the TPN group. But the FBS, total bilirubin, GOT and GPT were higher in the TPN group than the EN group. In conclusion, there was a negative correlation between the changes in the laboratory data and the hypermetabolic severity. There was an increase in the number of metabolic complications in the TPN group.

Evaluation of Menus Using Antioxidant-Rich Foods at a Congregate Meal Program for the Korean Elderly / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to plan a 5-day menu using antioxidant-rich foods (vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, phytochemicals) for a congregate meal program for the elderly and to evaluate the satisfaction of menus. The elderly participated in the congregate meal program at Guro Elderly Welfare Facility during October, 2003 (120 persons/day). The elderly liked yungyangbab, cooked rice with sweet potato and pumpkin, soybean paste soup with chinese cabbage, pan-fried cuttlefish patty with chopped soybean sprout, pan-fried beef patty with tofu and ginseng, fresh vegetable salad and most of desserts. The leftovers of menus were negatively correlated with satisfaction of menus. The 5-day menu contained over 1/3 of KDRIs (Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans) except fiber, calcium, vitamin K and vitamin E. In conclusion, menus using antioxidant-rich foods for a congregate meal program for the elderly will improve nutrient intakes and satisfaction of the meal program. It may help to prevent chronic diseases and improve healthy lives of the Korean elderly.

Food Preference Test of the Korean Elderly Menu Development / 대한지역사회영양학회지

This study was performed to test food preferences of the Korean elderly for Korean elderly menu development. The elderly subjects preferred steamed rice cooked with 1.2 times water than that with 1.5 times water (p < 0.001), whole rice grain gruel than the gruel with ground grain (p < 0.05). Green tea powder gruels developed as a snack, there were no significant differences in the preference of the elderly between gruel with different contents of green tea powder (2, 3, 4%). The preferences of the salt concentration of the soup were tested by using soybean sprout soup and soybean paste soup. The elderly preferred 0.7 - 0.8% salted bean sprout soup and 7% soybean paste soup. The elderly preferred Kimchi cut in widths of 1 - 2 cm than that in 0.5 cm. The elderly preferred sweeter grape jam (67% vs. 50% or 37% sugar content) and were not concerned about chewing seeds. This result could be useful to develop menus for the elderly.

Effects of the APACHE III Score, Hypermetabolic Score on the Nutrition Status and Clinical Outcome of the Patients Administered with Total Parenteral Nutrition and Enteral Nutrition / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical outcome. Between January 1, 2002 to September 30, 2002, we prospectively and retrospectively recruited 111 hospitalized patients who received Enteral Nutrition (ENgroup n = 52) and Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPNgroup n = 59) for more than seven days. The factors of clinical outcomes are costs, incidences of in-fection, lengths of hospital stay, and changes in weight. The characteristics of patients were investigated, which included nutritional status, disease severity (APACHE III score) and hypermetabolic severity (hypermetabolic score). Hypermeta-bolic scores were determined by high fever (>38 degrees C), rapid breathing (>30 breaths/min), rapid pulse rate (>100 beats/min), leukocytosis (WBC > 12000 mm3), leukocytopenia (WBC < 3000 mm3), status of infection, inflammatory bowel disease, surgery and trauma. There was a positive correlation between hypermetabolic score and length of hospital stay (ICU), medical cost, weight loss, antibiotics adjusted by age while APACHE III score did not show correlation to clinical outcome. Medical cost was higher by 18.2% in the TPN group than the EN group. In conclusion, there was a strong negative correlation between the clinical outcome (cost, incidence of infection, hospital stay) and hypermetabolic score. Higher metabolic stress caused more malnutrition and complications. For nutritional management of patients with malnutrition, multiple factors, including nutritional assessment, and evaluation of hypermetabolic severity are needed to provide nutritional support for critically ill patients.

Characteristics of Infants' Temperaments and Eating Behaviors, Mothers' Eating Behaviors and Feeding Practices in Poor Eating Infants / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of infants' temperaments and eating behaviors, mothers' eating behaviors and feeding practices in poor eating infants. The participants were 80 infants of 12 - 24 months (27 poor eaters and 53 matched normal controls) from a hospital and a public health center. Mothers were questioned about their eating behaviors and feeding practices, and infants' temperaments, eating behaviors, and nutrient intakes by one day food recall. Subjects were divided by mean nutrient adequacy ratio (MAR, < 0.75; poor eater). Intakes of Ca, P, Fe, Zn, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C, E, folate were below 75% RDA in poor eaters, whereas protein, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B6, C, folate exceeded 125% RDA in good eaters. Rhythmicity of infants' temperaments and eating behaviors, restriction of mothers' eating behaviors and feeding practices were significantly lower, whereas activity levels of infants' temperaments were higher than good eaters. In multiple logistic regression model of poor eaters, activity of infants' temperaments (T, OR: 1.19, CI: 1.05 - 1.35) and attention spans of infants' eating behaviors (A, OR: 1.18, CI: 1.03 - 1.35) were significantly positive, whereas rhythmicity of infants' eating behaviors (R, OR: 0.79, CI: 0.67 - 0.94) was significantly negative [E (the logit) = -6.8644 + 0.1712 x T - 0.2337 x R + 0.1641 x A]. Our findings suggest that examination of eating behaviors, feeding practices, and temperaments will help target interventions to improve infants' food intakes, and these variables should be examined at the time of nutrition counseling.

Effects of Vitamin E and Dehydroepiandrosterone on The Formation of Preneoplastic Lesions in Rat Hepatocellular Carcinogenesis

This study is designed to examine the effects of dietary supplementation with vitamin E and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on the formation of preneoplastic lesions in diethylnitrosamine (DEN) induced rat hepatocarcinogenesis. All Weaning male Sprague-Dawley rats were initiated by a single dose of DEN (200 mg/kg body weight), subjected to twothirds partial hepatectomy 3 weeks later and were sacrificed 8 weeks after DEN initiation. Two weeks after initiation, rats were fed Purina purified rodent diet 5053 (Ralston Purina Rat chow, USA) with 1.5% (15,000 IU/kg diet) vitamin E, 0.5% DHEA and both of those supplemented diet for 6 weeks. Placental glutathione S-transferase (GST-P) positive foci, the activities of catalase, total-glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) contents were decreased significantly by vitaimin E supplement. On the other hand GST-P positive foci number, Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) activities weren't changed by vitamin E supplement. It might suggest that protective effect of vitamin E against hepatocarcinogens is not involved in the formation of the GST-P positive foci but related to the expansion of that. It seemed that vitamin E supplement helped endogenous defense system in carcinogenesis by decreasing TBARS contents, H2O2, organic peroxides. Therefore, vitamin E seemed to protect cell from free radical damage in carcinogenesis . By DHEA supplement liver weight and liver/body ratio were increased, the area and number of GST-P positive foci, the activities of catalase, GR, total GPx, GST and the TBA RS contents were decreased significantly. On the other hand Cu/Zn-SOD and G6Pase activities weren't changed by DHEA supplement. In hepatocarcinogenesis the activities of antioxidant enzymes weren't increased by DHEA supplement. DHEA did not increase the oxidative stress, while DHEA seems to have anticarcinogenic effect in rats hepatocarcinogenesis.

Effects of Dietary Levels of Corn and Tuna Oils on the Formation of Preneoplastic Lesions in Rat Hepatocellular Carcinogenesis

This study is conducted to determine the effects of dietary levels of corn and tuna oils on the formation of preneoplastic lesions in die-thylnitrosamine (DEN) induced rat hepatocarcinogenesis. Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed 2.5, 5, 15, 25% (w/w) corn or tuna oils. Hepatocellular carcinogenesis was induced by DEN (200 mg/kg body weight) and two-thirds partial hepactectomy was carried out 3 weeks later and were sacrificed 8 weeks after DEN initiation. Tuna oil group showed smaller area of placental glutathione S-transferase (GST-P) positive foci than corn oil group. Corn oil group of 25% (w/w) showed the widest area of GST-P positive foci, and tuna oil group showed significantly smaller area of GST-P positive foci than corn oil in 25% (w/w) level but had no differences between oil levels. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content was the highest in 25% (w/w) level of tuna oil group fed long chain and highly polyunsaturated fatty acids. Also serum gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) activities in 25% level of tuna oil group were significantly higher than by other levels. As oil contents increased, glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) seems to decrease in corn oil groups but remained the same in tuna oil groups. Glutathione reductase (GR) activities were significantly higher in tuna oil group, and the higher the level of tuna oil, the higher GR activities. But Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities didn't seem to be influenced by levels and kind of dietary fats. Therefore, as oil levels increased, corn oil rich in n-6 fatty acids promoted carcinogenesis but tuna oil rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) of n-3 fatty acids suppressed. Although lipid peroxidation products were elevated in 25% (w/w) tuna oil group, GST-P positive foci didn't increase. Therefore preneoplastic lesions might be reduced through mediation of a lipid peroxidation process in tuna oil. As fat contents of tuna oil increased, elevated GR activities may give a rise to produce more reduced glutathione in order to protect against free radical attack, and high G6Pase activities remained the same and they contributed to membrane stability. So tuna oil diet seems to protect hepatocarcinogenesis.

The Characteristics of Infants' Temperament, Maternal Feeding Behavior and Feeding Practices in Picky Eaters / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of infants' temperaments, maternal feeding behaviors and feeding practices in picky eaters. Participants were 83 infants (aged 12 - 24 months) from "A" hospital (Seoul) and "B" public health center (Kyunggido). Mothers completed questionnaires that assessed their own feeding behavior, feeding practices, infants' temperament and infants' feeding behavior. Picky eaters' demographics were not significantly different from non-picky eaters after adjusting sex and age. The average of thiamin, niacin and vitamin E intakes of picky eaters were below 75% Korean RDA, whereas vitamin A intakes exceed 120% RDA in both groups. Activity level of infants' temperament and disinhibition of maternal feeding behavior in picky eaters were significantly higher than those in non-picky eater. All constructs of infants feeding behavior were significantly associated with certain constructs of infants' temperament, maternal feeding practice and maternal feeding behavior. The pickiness of infants feeding behavior was positively correlated with activity level of infants' temperament, pickiness and disinhibition of maternal feeding behavior and negatively correlated with adaptability of infants' temperament. Findings suggest that maternal feeding behavior and feeding practices as well as infants' temperament should be addressed in nutrition education for picky eaters.

Plasma LDL Particle Sizes Affect the Blood Lipid Profile and Dietary Intakes among Korean Adults / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this research was to examine the relationship between the plasma LDL particle size and blood lipid profile, dietary factors and anthropometric values (body mass index, waist circumference and waist/hip ratio). The subjects were 173 adults aged 23 to 81 years, selected from the Outpatient Clinic and Cardiovascular Department of the Seoul Municipal Hospital. Dietary data were obtained using a 3-day food record and analyzed using Korean and US nutrient databases. The subjects were divided into three groups by LDL particle size:type A (large buoyant LDL, > 25.5 nm, n = 96), type I (Intermediate LDL, 25.2 < or = - < or = 25.5 nm, n = 18), and type B (small dense LDL, < 25.2 nm, n = 59) groups. The type B group had higher age, waist circumference, and waist/hip ratio (WHR) than the type A and type I groups. Serum concentration of triglyceride, Apo B, LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio and atherogenic index were significantly higher in the type B group as compared to those in the other two groups. HDL cholesterol level and Apo A-I/Apo B ratio were significantly lower in the type B group than the other two groups. The plasma LDL particle size was highly correlated with triglyceride (r = -0.450), Apo B (r = -0.402) and HDL cholesterol (r = 0.418). However, there was no correlation between plasma LDL particle size and dietary intakes. This study showed that small dense LDL was an important biochemical risk factor that was associated with other risk factors.

Different Sources of omega Fatty Acids at the Fixed Ratio of p/s Affect Glutathione Dependent Enzymes in Rat Hepatocarcinogenesis

This study is conducted to determine the effects of dietary source of omega3 fatty acids on preneoplastic foci and the glutathione dependent enzymes in rat hepatocarcinogenesis initiated by diethylnitrosamine (DEN). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed one of three diets containing 10% (w/w) fats fixed p/s = -1.0 and omega6/omega3 ratio = -0.4 or 4.0 ; fish oil-com oil blended (FC), com oil-beef tallow-fish oil blended (CF), com oil-beef tallow-perilla oil blended (CP), from gestation period. At 10 weeks, animals of experimental groups were injected intraperitoneally with DEN (200 mg/kg body weight) and two-thirds partial hepatectomy was carried out 3 weeks later and were sacrificed 8 weeks after DEN initiation. The area and number of glutathione S-transferase placenta (GST-P) positive foci were significantly decreased in rats fed diets containing fish oil (FC and CF) than those fed perilla oil diet (CP). Fish oil feeding significantly increased the activities of glutathione dependent enzymes. Rats fed diets containing fish oil (FC and CF) significantly increased the glutathione (GSH) content and the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione S-transferase (GST). Glutathione dependent enzymes had significantly negative correlation with GST-P positive foci. Glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) was increased in rats feeding fish oil. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were not different among groups. Therefore, the preventive effect against hepatocarcinogenesis might be explained by induction of the glutathione dependent enzymes and G6Pase.

A Study on Dietary Practices of Juvenile Delinquents in Korea / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The relationship between dietary practices and juvenile delinquency was studied using a dietary survey. Subjects were selected from juvenile delinquents who were under the supervision of the Seoul Probation Office of the Ministry of Justice. The study group consisted of 52 male and 52 female delinquents. As a control group, 104 exemplary high school students were selected in Seoul. A questionnaire was designed to find out the subjects' general characteristics, dietary habits, lifestyle, eating behavior, food frequency, and nutrient intake using the 24-hour recall method. Compared to the exemplary students, the juvenile delinquents were significantly different in education level, family status, monthly allowance, residence status, breast fed, parents' education level, parents' concern. In dietary habits, fifty-eight percent of the juvenile delinquents ate 2 or fewer meals per day, preferred to eat with friends, and liked hot tasting foods. The juvenile delinquents consumed more ion drinks (OR=9.26 CI: 3.83-22.37), rameon (OR=7.67 CI: 3.21-18.33), cola (OR=6.75 CI: 2.91-15.69), soft drinks (OR=6.12 CI: 2.53-14.81), steamed korean sausage (OR=5.34 CI:2.31-12.32), hamburger (OR=5.15 CI: 1.91-13.87), kimbab (OR=3.63 CI: 1.76-7.46), ddokbokgi (OR=3.17 CI: 1.58-6.38), candy (OR=3.08 CI: 1.41-6.73), white rice (OR=2.59 CI: 1.19-5.64), hotdog (OR=2.52 CI: 1.31-4.86), and less rice mixed with grains (OR=0.02 CI: 0.01-0.05), tangerine (OR=0.06 CI: 0.02-0.20), milk (OR=0.29 CI: 0.14-0.60), roasted fish (OR=0.32 CI: 0.28-0.99, anchovy (OR=0.35 CI: 0.17-0.72), seaweed (OR=0.37 CI: 0.16-0.83), and tofu (OR=0.48 CI: 0.23-0.99) than the exemplary students. With respect to the juvenile delinquents, the nutrient intakes lower than 75% of the Korean RDA were for riboflavin (75.0%) and calcium (47.9%) among the boys, and calcium (46.9%) and iron (60.4%) among the girls. To prevent juvenile delinquency, nutritional education and well-balanced school food service meals should be emphasized so as to improve the management of dietary practices.

Evaluating Nutrient Intakes of Korean Elderly Using Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The aim of this study was to assess the nutrient intakes of the elderly subjects in Korea. Dietary assessment was carried out using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQFFQ) developed by our laboratory, which included 98 commonly consumed food items selected from 1998 National Health and Nutritional Survey for Korean population. Subjects (n = 2,660) aged 50yr and over were recruited in Seoul, 6 metropolitan cities, and 8 mid-size cities. Calcium and riboflavin intakes of the elderly subjects aged 65 yr and over (n = 1,974) were much lower compared with Korean RDA. Nutrient intakes of the three age group (50-64 yr, 65-74 yr, 75 yr and over) were decreased as age increased in male and female elderly. Nutrient intakes of male elderly, 75 yr and over, were significantly decreased while in female elderly nutrient intakes were gradually decreased as age increased. Over 30% of the elderly subjects did not meet 75% RDA for calcium, iron, vitamin A, and riboflavin. The proportion of the elderly subjects whose intakes were below 75% RDA was much higher than the elderly whose intakes were above 125% RDA, especially among the elderly aged 75 yr and over. This study revealed that the Korean elderly had inadequate intakes for many nutrients. This will cause a serious nutritional problem for the elderly.

Grape extracts suppress the formation of preneoplastic foci and activity of fatty acid synthase in rat liver

This study was conducted to examine the effects of dietary grape extracts on preneoplastic foci formation in rat hepatocarcinogenesis, and related hepatic enzymes. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed basal diet or grape diet containing 15% concentrated grape extracts (68 bricks). The grape diet groups were divided into whole-period grape diet group (DEN-GW; grape diet group fed throughout experimental period) and postinitiation grape diet group (DEN-GP; grape diet group fed from post initiation stage) according to the starting time point of the grape diet. Hepatocarcinogenesis was induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN; 200 mg/kg bw) and 2/3 partial hepatectomy (DEN-B; DEN-treated basal diet group, DEN-GW, and DEN-GP groups), while the control group treated with saline and sham operation (Control group). The formation of placental glutathione (GSH) S-transferase positive (GST-P(+)) foci in DEN-GW group was moderately but significantly suppressed, however, not in DEN- GP group. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances content of DEN-GW group was significantly lower than that of DEN-B group. The activity of fatty acid synthase (FAS) in the grape diet groups was decreased about 1/2 of the DEN-B group. The content of GSH and GSH peroxidase activity were increased by carcinogen treatment, but not modulated by grape diet. The activities of GSH S-transferase, p-nitrophenol hydroxylase, and catalase were not affected by diet or treatment. Conclusively, the grape diet-induced reduction of FAS activity that was expressed highly in neoplastic tissues, might be one of the contributing mechanisms of hepatic cancer prevention.

The Relationship between Serum Cholesterol Levels and Dietary Fatty Acid Patterns, Plasma Fatty Acids, and Other Lipid Profile among Korean Adults / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purposes of this research were to assess dietary fatty acid patterns and to elucidate the relationship between the serum cholesterol levels and dietary fatty acid patterns, plasma fatty acid compositions, BMI (body mass index), and other lipid profile. The subjects were 151 adults aged 23 to 80 years, selected from the Outpatient Clinic and Cardiovascular Department of the Seoul Municipal Hospital. Dietary data were obtained using three day food records. Sixteen dietary fatty acids were analyzed using Korean and US nutrient databases. The subjects were divided into three serum cholesterol levels: desirable ( or = 200 - or = 240 mg/dl, N = 72) groups. The high-risk group had higher BMI, waist, and waist to hip ratio (WHR) than the desirable and borderline-risk groups. Serum concentrations of triglyceride, LDL cholesterol and LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio were significantly higher in the high-risk group as compared to those in the other two groups. The serum cholesterol levels were highly correlated with BMI (r = 0.435), triglyceride (r = 0.425) and LDL/HDL cholesterol (r = 0.870) ratio. The highest fatty acid intake was from oleic acid (33 - 34% of total fatty acid intakes), which was followed by linoleic acid (27%), palmitic acid (19%), and stearic acid (7%). There was no correlation between the serum cholesterol levels and the dietary fatty acid intakes, polyunsaturated/monounsaturated/saturated fatty acids (P/M/S) and omega6/omega3 ratios. The correlation between plasma fatty acids such as myristic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid and serum cholesterol levels was also weak.

Software for Nutritional Assessment Using a Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire and the 24-hour Recall Method / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to develop a computer software program for nutritional assessment using a Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQFFQs) and the 24-hour Recall Method. The software for the SQFFQ was divided into input, output, and database. For dietary analyses, recipe and food databases were used. The recipe database included 25 items and the food database was divided into 18 food groups. The food database was composed of 19 general nutrient items, 33 fatty acids, and 18 amino acids. The software developed in this study can be summarized as follows: 1) input items related to the individual's ages information, lifestyle, biological values, and dietary habits; 2) individualized data in percent of the Korean RDA, the energy ratios of carbohydrates, proteins and fats, the ratio of animal to plant source intakes, and the distribution of food group intakes; 3) Statistical data on the individual's information, lifestyle, biological values, and dietary intakes including the frequency of intake of cooked foods, the amounts of food, and the number of food groups, and nutrients. In the 24-hour Recall Method, the input and output consisted of the individual's information and cooked dish intakes. The individual's report included the amounts of nutrient intake according to number of meal and days, in comparison to the Korean RDA, the energy ratio for carbohydrates, proteins and fats, the ratio of animal to plant source intakes, and the distribution of food group intakes. The statistical report presented the number of food groups and foods, and the nutrient intakes. To evaluate the validity of the SQFFQ, the Spearman Rank Order Correlation and kappa values were used. As a result, correlation coefficients comparing the 24-hour Recall Method appeared to be more than 0.5, except for vitamin B1, B2, niacin, and vitamin E. The kappa values for energy and carbohydrate intakes were both 0.7, and protein, fat, vitamin C, folate, Ca, and iron intakes ranged from 0.3 to 0.7.

Dietary Habit and Helicobacter pylori Infection in Early Gastric Cancer Patient / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

PURPOSE: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is now generally accepted to be strongly associated with the development of gastric cancer, as well as intakes of some salted foods, charred foods, etc. To evaluate the association among dietary habits, H. pylori infection, and early gastric cancer in Koreans, a hospital based case-control study was conducted. Material and Method: A total of 268 persons participated in this case-control study. Sixty nine patients were newly diagnosed as an early gastric cancer (EGC) at the Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. One hundred ninety-nine subjects with no symptoms who visited the Health Promotion Center for their general checkups were selected as the controls. All subjects were examined for H. pylori infection, biochemical blood test the life style, and dietary habit were interviewed by a trained dietition with semi-quantitative food frequency question naire (FFQ) and adaptive salt concentration were taste evaluated. RESULTS: H. pylori seropositivity was observed in 88.4% in cases, as compared with 74.9% in controls (OR=2.5, 95% CI: 1.1-5.7). The adaptive salt concentration was associated with early gastric cancer risk (chi-squir=50.8, p<0.001). The analysis of food intake frequency demonstrated that early gastric cancer risk was reduced by the intake of clear soups, raw vegetables, fruits and juices, beef with vegetables and soybean curds. On the other hand, high intake of salt-fermented fish and kimchi elevated the risk of early gastric cancer. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that some dietary factors and H. pylori infection have a significant association with the development of early gastric cancer.

Effects of Dietary Proteins and Inositol Hexaphosphate on the Preneoplastic Lesions and Antioxidant Enzymes of Hepatocellular Carcinogenesis in Rats / 대한지역사회영양학회지

Six-week-old Sprague Dawley rats were fed the diets of 20% casein or soy protein. Two weeks after the feeding, hepatocellular chemical carcinogenesis was initiated by diethylnitrosamine(DEN), and promoted by the diet containing 0.01% 2-acetylamino-fluorene(AAF) and two-thirds partial hepatectomy(PH). The animals were sacrificed at 8 weeks after the DEN injection. The area of placetal glutathione S-trnasferase(GST-P) positive foci, the activities of several enzymes in cellualr antioxidant enzyme systems and glucose 6-phosphatase were determined to investigate the mechanism of the anticarcinogenic effect by the dietary proteins. In another set of experiments, the drinking water of rats fed casein was supplemented with 1.5% inositol hexaphosphate(InsP6) to elucidate whether it has the comparable anticancer action of soy protein. The area and number of GST-P positive foci in the soy protein group were significantly(p<0.05) lower than those inthe casein group. The livers of rats fed casein showed moderate fattydegeneration and larger hyperplastic nodules than those of rats fed soy protein. In another set of experiments, the area and number of GST-P positive foci in the rats fed casein supplemented with InsP6 were not significantly different from those in the rats fed casein or soy protein. The lipid peroxidation of rats fed different protein sources showed no significant difference. Glutathione S-transferase(GST) activities were increased significantly(p<0.05) by carcinogen treatment in all dietary groups. Glucose 6-phosphatase(G6Pase) activities were decreased by carcinogen treatment, and hence showed a reverse relationship(r=-0.695, p<0.01) to the GST-P positive foci. Therefore, the activities in the rats fed casein were lower than those in the rats fed soy protein. These results suggest that the soy protein seems to be more anti-carcinogenic than casein by decreasing the preneoplastic lesion and by increasing the membrane stability but inositol hexaphosphate, a component of soy protein, may not be protective against hepatocarcinogenesis.